By WWII, scientists had already begun looking at alternative gelling substances for routine use in bacteriology, but concluded that agar was still better as it is both firmer and easier to handle. Today, some specialized microbiology applications use the colloid carrageenan (extracted from red seaweed Chondrus crispus, or “Irish Moss”), a more transparent and less auto-fluorescent alternative to agar (agar emits its own background fluorescence when excited by light). However, for routine bacteriological use, carrageenan is more difficult to dissolve, requires higher concentrations, can degrade at high temperatures, and forms weaker gels, which may result in puncturing its surface during the plating of cells.
「十年前我每兩年換一次手機，有時一年一換；也能輕鬆買新進口車。現在連升級到稍好一點的二手車都很吃力，更別說新車。」
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Наука и техника